I was discussing photography in general with a semi-pro this week. We were going
through the remarkable advances that there have been, particularly regarding the
burgeoning camera-phone as the medium photography is rapidly becoming based
upon.
When the first camera-phones became available on the market we laughed at the
results. 2 MP didn’t really make the grade, unless you were happy with a fuzzy
picture the size of a postage stamp. A small postage stamp.
However, even though the top end camera-phones now boast 20 MP and an amazing
sharpness, they fall down photographically with no facility to control the Depth
Of Field (DOF), though that may change of course!
The term DOF refers to an optical one and depends solely on the lens being used
and the aperture selected. Altering the shutter speed does not change the Depth
of Field.
Depth of Field really refers to the zone of “sharpness” (or being in acceptable
focus) from foreground items to background items in any photograph. This is
different from what the eye sees, as the eye can instantly focus on near and far
objects, giving the impression that everything in your field of vision is in
sharp focus. The camera, however, gives you a slice of time.
The first concept to remember is “1/3rd forwards and 2/3rds back.” Again this is
a law of optical physics, but means that the DOF, from foreground to background
in your photograph can be measured, and from the focus point in the photo
extends towards you by one third and extends away from the focus point by two
thirds.
For those of you with SLR’s, especially the older manual focus SLR’s, you will
even find a series of marks on the focusing ring of the lens to indicate the
Depth of Field that is possible with that lens.
You see, for each focal length of lens, the DOF possible is altered by the
Aperture. The rule here is simple - the higher the Aperture number, the greater
the DOF and the lower the Aperture number, the shorter the DOF. In simple terms,
for any given lens, you get greater front to back sharpness with f22 and you get
very short front to back sharpness at f4.
For example, using a 24 mm focal length lens focused on an object 2 meters away
- if you select f22, the DOF runs from just over 0.5 meter to 5 meters (4.5
meters total), but if you select f11 it only runs from 1 m to 4 m (3 m total)
and if you choose f5.6 the DOF is only from 1.5 m to 3 m (1.5 m total).
On the other hand, using a longer 135 mm focal length lens focused at the same
point 2 meters away, you get the following DOF - at f22 it runs from 1.9 m to
2.2 m (0.3 m) and at f5.6 it is 1.95 m to 2.1 m (a total of 0.15 m).
Analysis of all these initially confusing numbers gives you now complete mastery
of DOF in any of your photographs. Simply put another way - the higher the
Aperture number, the greater the DOF; the smaller the Aperture number the
smaller the DOF; plus the longer the lens, the shorter the DOF, the shorter the
lens, the longer the DOF (just remember the ‘opposites’ - the longer gives
shorter).
Now to apply this formula - when shooting a landscape for example, where you
want great detail from the foreground, right the way through to the mountains
five kilometers away, then use a short lens (24 mm is ideal) set at f22 and
focused on a point about 2 km away.
On the other hand, when shooting a portrait where you only want to have the eyes
and mouth in sharp focus you would use a longer lens (and here the 135 is ideal)
and a smaller Aperture number of around f5.6 to f4 and focus directly on the
eyes to give that ultra short Depth of Field required.
These optical laws hold good for all cameras, be they film or digital - but you
do need to manually control the aperture, something you can’t do with a
camera-phone, when you want great shots!
